Friday, August 19, 2011

Activity 1.1.1 History of Civil Engineering and Architecture

1.     Define civil engineering.
A civil engineering is an engineering field  that deals with the design and construction of public works such as roads and harbors.
2.     Define architecture.
Architecture is the art, science, and study of buildings and their structure.

3.     Describe the origination of the concept of architecture?
The need for shelter for people.

4.     In ancient times how were building materials chosen?
Building materials were chosen by what resources were abundant in the area.

5.     Give two examples of vernacular architecture.
Igloos and randavels' are examples of vernacular architecture.


6.     Name and describe the type of system used to create many early buildings.
Vernacular architecture was used, meaning they used the resources around them to build.

7.     What was the purpose of the Egyptian pyramids? Mexican pyramids?
The purpose of the Egyptian pyramids was to honor their deceased Pharaohs.  The Mexican pyramids were for religious purposes.  They brought your vision up to the sky.

8.     What kind of construction method was used to build the Parthenon? Made a simple sketch to illustrate.
Post and lintel was used to design and build the Parthenon.

9.     What problem in architecture led to this form of construction?
Need of openings in buildings and added structural integrity.
10. Explain how an arch is created.
One answer is to build a frame (historically, of wood) which exactly follows the form of the underside of the arch. This is known as a centre or centring. The voussoirs are laid on it until the arch is complete and self-supporting. For an arch higher than head height, scaffolding would in any case be required by the builders, so the scaffolding can be combined with the arch support.

11.  How is the vault used in civil engineering?
It is used by forming many arches together.  This formation makes a tunnel or vault.
12.  Give an example of an arch and dome system.

13.  Give an example of a modern material we have that was not available to the ancients. How did this restrict construction in ancient times?
Steel is a modern material that was not available to the ancients.  This restricted buildings by what forms they could be built in as well as how tall.
14.  What was the purpose of the Roman aqueducts?
The Roman aqueducts were used to transport large water supplies.
15.  Compare ancient Greek roads to ancient Roman roads.
Greek Road
Roman Road